Tgi Fridays Marketing Plan - 4980 Words

TGI FRIDAYS MARKETING PLAN Marketing BUS319 DeVry University Online Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 3 * Company History 4 Strategic Focus and Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Mission Statement 5 Goals 5 Competitive Advantage 5 Situation Analysis 6 SWOT Analysis 6 * Industry Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Competitor Analysis 7 Company Analysis 7 Customer Analysis 8 Market-Product Focus 9 Marketing and Product Objectives 9 Market-Product Grid 9 Target Markets 10 Points of Difference Positioning 10 Marketing Program 11 Product Strategy 11 Price Strategy 12 Promotion Strategy†¦show more content†¦We will introduce new play zones and portable TV’s where kids can have fun while waiting for there meal, while there parents unwind after a long day at work. Fridays will introduce meal deals which will allow an entire family to dine for one set low price. In today economic times families are looking to save every where they can, and Fridays will help them do that. TGI Fridays has not forgotten about how it got its start as a singles hot spot. In order to spice up the night life we will be offering promotions for free appetizer and various drink specials after 9pm. Fridays plan is to boost bar sales and customer volume with there new promotional offerings. â€Å"TGI Fridays is a leader in the industry in innovation with menu items such as Fridays Jack Daniels Grill and Drink like there â€Å"smoothie and flings†(Carlson Res turants Worldwide, 2009). We will continue to improve our menu and come up with exciting new ideas. Fridays will also offer more variety targeting there vegetarian and health conscience customers. Fridays plan is to use 3.3 percent of there profit to market and promoting there new offerings. They also plan on opening up restaurants in more locations covering the entire United States. Fridays plan is to not only be the longest running chain restaurant, but one of the top ten in the world. Company History TGI Fridays is one of the largest restaurant chains in the United States. Fridays is owned and operated by the CarlsonShow MoreRelatedMarket Segmentation1933 Words   |  8 Pagestarget customers. This can be done through market segmentation in order for the company to achieve their target. Market segmentation refers to a marketing concept which divides complete market into smaller segments. One market segment is totally distint from the other segment, therefore each company has to design a business tool or known as marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of consumers in the targeted segments. All together, there are four basic market segmentation-strategiesRead MoreServices Marketing Tgi Fridays Case Study Report Essay2608 Words   |  11 PagesModule Title: Services Marketing Module Code: MC6061 CASE STUDY: Creating a drama at T.G.I. Friday’s Table of Contents What are the connections between theatre and T.G.I. Friday’s? Is the dramaturgical analogy a good one? Why? 3 What is meant by a critical incident? How can TGI Friday’s identify what constitutes a critical incident and assess whether it has achieved customer satisfaction? 4 Analyse the service interaction process at T.G.I. Friday’s based on the following concepts/models:Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management on the Example of Tgi Friday’s Restaurants Chain5020 Words   |  21 PagesStrategic Human Resource Management on the Example of TGI Friday’s Restaurants Chain Name: Kateryna Tyshchenko Class: BA Autumn 2011 Module Code: 6SZ012 Lecturer: Jaco von Wielligh Word Count: 3954 Due Date: 04.11.2011 Abstract The aim of this research is to investigate on the practices implemented by strategic human resources management (SHRM) in hospitality industry. The importance of practices and examples of benefits gained from the implementation are described. The evaluation of the externalRead MoreMr C Higgins Essay3055 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Global Marketing Assignment 1 Ellen’s Stardust Diner Contents page Page Number Content 3 Introduction Executive Summary 4 - 7 Analysis 8 Conclusion Recommendations 9 - 11 Appendices, Research References Introduction Ellen’s Stardust Diner is a 1950’s American style diner that operates in New York City, on Broadway. They are a successful restaurant, mostly due to their singing waiting staff and their uniqueRead MoreFive Guys in Malaysia3746 Words   |  15 Pagesother companies spends nearly no money on advertising. Most companies allocate 3 percent of their revenue towards marketing or advertising. Instead Five Guys collects 1.5 percent of revenue from all of its franchises and uses that money to give bonuses to the crews that score the highest on the performance evaluations for that year. They believe that if they spend less money on marketing and advertising and more on keeping their employees happy and into the food that the customer would appreciateRead More Pizza Hut in Brazil Essay example2125 Words   |  9 Pagesthe 1980s, Real per capita income fell 6% over the 1980s. Brazil is known for having one of the highest inflation, but the rate it achieved in the 1980s was in credible, it was 39,043,765%.11 Fernando Henrique Cardoso ended up creating a new economic plan and he was able to slow down inflation and to stabilize the exchange rate. On the other hand Brazil continued to face serious social and economic problems. There is a big gap between classes and there is big problems regarding housing, clean waterRead MoreEmployee Value Proposition Mcdonalds Essay3987 Words   |  16 PagesJamie Oliver’s ‘Jamie’s Italian’ chain. They may also use this to develop internal succession plans and broaden the knowledge of its existing employees, as well as promoting diversity in its work sites. Energising Environment * McDonalds is fast paced and needs an energetic team. In order to enhance this idea internally and externally they could adopt ideas from competitors such as TGI Fridays who encourage team members to post video’s to their external recruitment website showing exactlyRead MoreJd Wetherspoon Essay3080 Words   |  13 Pagessmall pub competitors such as Tap and Spile, Yard of Ale and more(Beer in the evening, 2001 - 2010). Indirect sector analysis is based on competitors that operate in a different category of the same sector. Family restaurant (Pizza Express, TGI Fridays, Cafà © Rouge) is one of the indirect competitors of the company, where they focus on serving a family meal to their consumer. Clubs like luminar, oceana, nightingale they offer the same products and services in a different type of target marketRead MoreCatchment Area4669 Words   |  19 PagesThe essential purposes of catchment area analysis are to help †¢ guide a venue in the selection of particular postal sectors on which to focus special marketing activity †¢ evaluate, subsequently, the impact made by this special marketing activity †¢ guide a touring company in setting attendance targets and deciding the levels of marketing input required for the various venues which they visit The analysis can be of particular value in identifying sectors where actual sales or visitor penetrationRead MoreMarket Entry Modes Strategies14235 Words   |  57 Pagesmarket entry plans, other outsource to specialized companies. The knowledge of the local or target market by those specialized companies can mitigate trade risk. Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain. The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. Objective of market entry strategy: †¢ minimizing uncertainties faced by new entrants, †¢ decrease financial uncertainties †¢ enable business plan collaboration

Transatlantic Change in North American Colonies Free Essays

Included in these changes were: lab or source, kinds of labor, organization of labor, race and the types of crops/ agriculture needed. These changes ere more significant because they lead to even more changes, development s, improvements, troubles, etc. Which all lead to society today. We will write a custom essay sample on Transatlantic Change in North American Colonies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over time, the demand for labor remained the same; things needed to be pro educed, which meant labor was needed in order to provide suppliers/ consumers with whatever they wanted/ needed. The source of that needed labor, however, did change. Indentured SE ravens were the source of labor throughout the colonies, but in 161 9, the first group of people were brought from Africa to the Americas to become slaves. To some, slavery was discovered to be much cheaper and more efficient that indentured servitude: mass amount s of Africans could be brought over to America at once, and they could easily be sold and try added anywhere among the colonies where need be. To others though, there wasn’t much of a need for slaves. People still favored indentured servants, whom they’d been using for q tutee a while already, because they felt more of a personal servitude with them, so they we area bit reluctant to give them up. Indentured servitude would soon be almost overshadowed b slavery though, because 30 years after 1 793, comes the cotton gin which will raise the importance of plantations, thus increasing slave demand. Even still though, the labor source changed from indentured servitude to slavery, as did a change occur from subsistence farm s to plantations. With this change from farms to plantations, came a change from subsistence crops to marketed crops such as tobacco and, the most famous, cotton; all of this can be seen as a result of the major population growth and expansion of the county, as well a importation/ exportation changes (trading slaves for goods, triangular trade). To restate, concluding, continuity was maintained in aspects such as demand d/need for labor, need for crops/ agriculture, importation, etc. It was the changes (labor source, which crops/ type of agriculture is used, what is being imported/ exported) that occurred from transatlantic interactions that hold even more significance because they lead t o changes, improvements, developments, etc. How to cite Transatlantic Change in North American Colonies, Papers

Measles Essay Example For Students

Measles Essay Measles VirusIn the 1800s the measles was a very dangerous disease, and when people who come in contact with it will die, if they have never been exposed to the virus before. The measles is transmitted through the air. The way that the virus is transmitted is that infected droplets are released by coughing, sneezing, and by talking. When the infected droplets that contain the measles are in the air, they are taken into the body through the mouth, nose and eyes of the potential person that could get the virus. People with low respiratory tract, which is the lungs and bronchi, are more likely to get the infection. During the next two to four days after the infection penetrates the body, the measles virus replicates in the respiratory cells and then spreads to the draining lymph nodes, where it reproduces again. Then it moves into the blood stream, carried by the white blood cells. This results in the virus being carried all over the body, which leads to infecting other places inside the body. During this time, the infected person feels fine and the measles infection and incubation stages are very unnoticeable. The next stage of the measles happens after eight to twelve days. The infected person has symptoms of fever, weakness and loss of appetite. Coughing and running of the eyes and nose are also seen. Now the infection is spreading all over the tissues through out the body. They also trigger the bodys immune system, which causes the symptoms. When the measles virus infects the immune system and interacts with the antibodies and T cells, a measles rash begins on the face and very quickly spreads to the body, arms and legs. The fever and cough become more intense after the fifth day. The rash turns into 3-4 mm red maculopapular lesions, which are flat and slightly raised. Pretty much this virus starts on the face, behind the ears, and moves downward all over the body. After awhile the rash begins to disappear, but the immune system is still weak. Making people who were infected with the measles more prone to other infections, making the immune system more susceptible to become infected, which in the early days of the measles caused many deaths. With the growth of medical technology and research, a measles vaccine was produced. It is given to children before the age of four, and the measles infection is on the decline. With this vaccine, the person produces, anti-measles antibodies, which are effective in about 95-97% of the people who get the vaccine. Once a person is infected with measles once, they usually produce lifelong protection from re-infection. This conclusion was brought up by Peter Panum in 1846, a Danish medical officer who was studying the outbreak of measles. One of the biggest outbreaks of measles was during the Civil War. This was before Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister perfected the Germ Theory of Disease.Two-Thirds of the soldiers that died during the war, were killed by uncontrolled infections disease. At least 4,000 died of the measles on the Union side alone. This proves that once measles are in an isolated area, it is hard to control, and fighting off the disease is at a minimum. The actual cause of why humans were infected by the measles is unknown. The main theory is that humans became infected with the disease when they were in the same area of herds of dogs. The disease was first identified a virus in 1911, when respiratory secretions of an infected person with measles, were passed through a filter designed to retard bacteria, but allow the passage of the virus. .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .postImageUrl , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:hover , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:visited , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:active { border:0!important; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:active , .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0 .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u676b5db439ab9dc4fa1c7aec457000c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Internet a Blessing or a Curse Essay Once the conclusion of once infected with the measles, you have life long protection of never getting it again, the vaccine was developed. As of today measles is not as bad as it was before, each year the number of measles cases goes down. Once a person gets vaccinated for the virus, it is very hard to obtain it, and with the medical technology today, fighting the disease with treatments is available for the person to overcome this virus. Words/ Pages : 721 / 24

Scientific Classification Essays - Botanical Nomenclature

Scientific Classification annon Classification is grouping together similar things. It is something that you have done in your daily life since you were a child. There are many different ways to classify organisms. There are aquatic and terrestrial animals. Certain plants can be grouped together as either trees or shrubs according to their outward appearance. Using these methods is useful for some purposes. Generally it is more useful to classify organisms in accordance with their relationships with one another. More to the point the systems discussed today are the ones used universally and based upon Carolus Linnaeus' original work. Carolus Linnaeus is probably the single most dominant figure in systematic classification. Born in 1707, he had a mind that was orderly to the extreme. People sent him plants from all over the world, and he would devise a way to relate them. At the age of thirty-two he was the author of fourteen botanical works. His two most famous were Genera Plantarum, developing an artificial sexual system, and Species Plantarum, a famous work where he named and classified every plant known to him, and for the first time gave each plant a binomial. This binomial system was a vast improvement over some of the old descriptive names for plants used formerly. Before Linnaeus, Catnip was known as: Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis which is a brief description of the plant. Linnaeus named it Nepeta cataria--cataria meaning, pertaining to cats. The binomial nomenclature is not only more precise and standardized; it also relates plants together, thus adding much interest and information in the name. For instance, Solanum relates the potato, the tomato and the Nightshade. Binomial Classification Early on in naming species taxonomists realized that there would have to be a universal system of nomenclature. Why? For example, it would seem to be a lot less complicated to just give a species a vernacular name that is easy to pronounce. Let's look at the loon of the North American lakes for example. In English it is called the common loon in North America. Seems simple enough, but in England it is called the great northern diver. In French it is plongeon imbrin, in France, and in Quebec le huart a collier. In Spanish it is called somorguajo comun, Islom in Swedish, and Eistaucher in German. So you see how much time and calling the species Gavia immer can save confusion. Binomial classification in its simplest form is a way of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin. (binomial nomenclature) It was first introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. In Binomial classification the first name, which begins with a capital letter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The genus is a group of species more closely related to one another than any other group of species. The genus is more inclusive than the species because it often contains many species. The second part of the binomial represents the species itself and is always printed with all letters in lower case. A species is a group of individuals that are alike in many different ways. Individuals are in the same species if they are: 1. Are able to mate with those similar to themselves. 2. Produce young that are themselves able to reproduce. As an example, in the cat family, the genus Panthera is coupled with the species leo to form Panthera leo, the Lion. Likewise, Panthera is coupled with tigris, to form Panthera tigris the Tiger. In simplified terns both the Lion and Tiger share common traits and a common genus - Panthera, whilst clearly remaining separate species. Closely related species are a genus, closely related genera (plural form of genus) are grouped together in a family. Closely related families are grouped into an order, and so on, into more inclusive categories, or levels in the classification hierarchy. Taxonomic Hierarchy Approximately one and a half million species have been classified and there are estimates that over five million species remain to be discovered. For biologists to order this mass of information, a scientific system called taxonomy was introduced. The basic idea is to group species with similar characteristics together into families, and to group the families together into broader groupings. To this end, the taxonomic categories where devised, and they create the taxonomic hierarchy. The hierarchy goes (with an example): *Categories Example Kingdom Animalia Phylum (Plural = Phyla) Cordata *In plants, this category is often called a division* Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Genus Canis Species Lupus (the Wolf) * Kim Puts Candy Out For Good Students* Every species is in only one genus. Similarly, every genus is in only one family,

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Whitening Soap have the distinguishable odor and have normally and orangish colour. Papaya besides contains enzyme that will give our tegument more refreshing. Papaya soap contains three chief ingredients ; papaya infusion. papaia juice. and mush. The three ingredients will be combine during the soap fabrication. Vitamins C and A are extremely concentrated in most papaya fruits. along with beta provitamin A and an enzyme called papain. an enzyme that helps digest proteins. The vitamins in papaia are frequently nurturing for the tegument. particularly for those with defects and cicatrixs. The antioxidants in these vitamins supposedly helps rinse off dead and dry tegument cells really rapidly. advancing the growing of new. healthy tegument. This speedy turnover of skin growing typically helps fade cicatrixs. heal defects. and helps scabbed-over lesions become soft and fictile once more more rapidly. The papain enzyme helps the vitamins in the papaia soap to make their work. in add-on to executing several maps of its ain. Papaya besides helps to maintain the tegument soft. fictile. and new-looking. doing it a popular facial soap. Its exfoliating belongingss promote smooth tegument and may assist take uneven colouring and dark musca volitanss over clip. Some makers advertise really fast topographic point rectification with papaya soap. but papaya entirely will non normally take musca volitanss rapidly. Several months of utilizing the soap may demo consequences in this country. Those with nutrient allergic reactions should read labels closely to do certain they won’t have an inauspicious reaction to their chosen soap. Core benefit of the merchandise: 1. Fade cicatrixs and black discolorationPapaya Soap can acquire rid of cicatrixs as Papaya soap contains Papain which will take sore and injured tegument. Papaya soap can besides be used to extinguish black musca volitanss of the tegument. to melt cicatrixs. excite the formation of new tegument cells and it should constant usage until the skin return to normal. 2. Get the better of the job of acne Acne arises normally caused by cell exfoliation of dead tegument cells that clog the pores of the tegument. This resulted in the formation of dead tegument cells and when met with inordinate oil production will do cases of causes acne. Therefore. Papaya soap act efficaciously to skin the dead tegument cells so that acne will non popup. and at the same clip it will take the cicatrixs of acne overtime. 3. Whitening and Skin Whitening Equipped with Cocoa infusion to soften new tegument cells. soap besides contains papaya enzyme papain to renew new tegument cells. With regular application. your tegument will go bright. white. and stain-free. Picture of Location The location of the concern is in 1570 Dela Paz Bldg. Dapitan St. Sampaloc. Manila MeasurementAs we know there’s a batch of Papaya soap that have been produce in market now yearss such as Likas Papaya Soap. Silka Papaya soap. Royale Beauty Kojic Papaya Soap and ECT. So for our Papaya soap trade name name. we choose to utilize MESTISA ( whitening soap ) . We choose this name because as we can see after utilizing this Papaya Soap we can see the differences after utilizing it. Rough tegument. flake tegument. oily skin and so on can go smooth. fresh and the greasy tegument will be lessening after utilizing this papaia soap. So that’s why we choose Pure White and it is besides shows the consumers about the naturality if they used our merchandise. Price ListSmall- P600Big- P800LogoFront position: Back position: This illustration of our merchandise packaging. In forepart of our soap box as we can see there’s our merchandise name Mestiza. which image of miss and Papaya fruit which mean. if we use this soap so our tegument will be look more white and become natural like the miss in the image and the green circle and the star mean is made by 100 % papaia fruit. We besides choose the orange colour because it is show the originality of the papaia fruit. On the top of the packaging the sentence is explicating briefly about our merchandise. â€Å"Bathing your tegument with a new immature beauty MESTIZA ( whitening soap ) . It is made to gently cleanse and profoundly nourish your tegument. go forthing it soft. smooth and refreshed. 100 % derived from the papaia fruit extracts that aid to whiten tegument and smoothens for all kind’s of tegument. † On dorsum of this box client can see the ingredients of our merchandise. The ingredient of our merchandise is Coconut Nucifera. Ricinu sCommunis. Oil. Sodium Hydroxide. Glycerin and another substances that have been allowed. How to utilize this soap: soapsuds in the thenar of our manus. Use on wet face and gently massage. concentrating on brow. nose and chin. Avoid oculus contour countries. in instance of contact with the eyes. rinse instantly. Suitable for day-to-day use. You can utilize it for shower and face. rub down your organic structure 2-3 minute so wash it with H2O. And as we see there’s â€Å"Halal† logo. this merchandise can be used for any people ( can be used whether Muslim and non-muslim ) . We besides put our company logo at that place which the blue circle means that our merchandise will be sell around the universe and the good mark is client will satisfied and will non let down about our merchandise. Benefit of this merchandise 1. Papaya Soap for Dark Spots and Skin Whitening As we know. papaya soap is rather celebrated because of its can do our tegument lightening. Using these papaya soap. dark musca volitanss will vanish in merely a few hebdomads. It can minimise the body’s production of melanin which is the chief cause of the blackening of our tegument. Papaya soap non merely buoy up your skin’s skin color but more significantly is evens it out so that you don’t have dark countries in your face. dark underarms or cubituss and minimise the stain caused by cicatrixs. 2. Papaya Soap for Acne and Skin Exfoliation As you use papaya soap. the papaia enzyme that’s a natural substance found in the papaia fruit. promotes the remotion of dead tegument. Dean tegument can dry up your tegument go forthing it antsy and unsmooth. Skin exfoliation is besides of import so that no other elements like soil and dust atoms are trapped in your tegument which can do hickeies and comedos. Through day-to-day usage of papaia soap. Acne and cicatrixs will be minimized and you’ll exfoliate your tegument doing it softer. whiter and pimple free. 3. Leaves your Skin Healthy and Smooth One of the marks of an unhealthy tegument is dryness. If you are rubing frequently or have noticed cracked on tegument spots. so you may already hold dry tegument. Papaya soap is one of the more effectual interventions to dry tegument as it rejuvenates the tegument. 4. Papaya Soap Heals Acne and Pimple Scars Since Papaya soap chiefly flake the tegument. it can unclog pores that have been backed up by dead tegument cells and over production of sebum. the natural oil that our tegument secretes. Pimples appear when dead tegument and sebum are non instantly washed off. This is why. we should regular usage of papaia soap. acne can be avoided and you can forestall any jailbreaks of those abashing roseolas and hickeies. 5. Reliefs Pain from Insect Bites A fact about the papaia enzyme is that it can breakdown proteins and the toxins left by an insect bite. Rinsing and rinsing a bug bite and stings with papaya soap and H2O can alleviate the hurting and itchiness. This can be a really welcome thought particularly if medical picks are unavailable. Assortment of the merchandise line 1. Shapes We merely do our merchandise into rectangle form. This is because if we make it like that it will be easy to keep and can be divides by for easy usage if needed. depending on client convenience. 2. Color We used orange as our primary colour for our merchandise because it will shows the originality of merchandise that it has been made of 100 % from the fruit itself. Plus. we besides make it orange to do certain clients are non confused. If we make our soap from papaia. we should seek to do the merchandise precisely the same colour as the fruit. otherwise the clients will non even bother purchasing it. 3. Aroma and Spirit The aroma and spirits of class. we used the papaya’s natural ingredient to do our soap. non merely for facial usage but at the same clip for aromatherapy. The clients will experience relax and refresh after each usage of our merchandise. Target market/customer for the decorative merchandise Our mark market is work forces and adult females between 18-30 who are still pupils or recent alumnus. They are most likely the mark group who truly wanted to care of their visual aspect. They are energetic. like traveling out with their friends and wanted to look elegant in the populace. We besides focus on a adult female who already married with an age between 30-50. Even though they are married. they truly wanted to look beautiful for their hubby. Young work forces and adult females who are still a pupil are truly focused on analyzing and most of them do non hold at least a parttime occupation. They rely on their parents to direct them money. Their budget is limited for nutrient and some other disbursals to cover up. Rather than buy an expensive cosmetics merchandises. they likely turn to some inexpensive merchandises that have the same consequence. Last. we besides focus on clients who have severe acne job. Peoples with acne job tend to avoid traveling out in the populace because there are excessively ashamed of their visual aspect. Erstwhile commercial merchandise does non work at all and some branded goods are expensive. The selling mix/4P application 1. Merchandise Our traditional cosmetics focal point on clients who wanted their facial tegument to be free of black topographic point and expression radiant. They do non necessitate to pass their money on some expensive facial whitening merchandise. Nowadays. adult females are non the lone 1 who worried about visual aspects. even work forces wanted to be beautiful for their ain image. In order to run into customer’s outlook. we introduced merchandise that gives them the same consequence as other expensive decorative merchandises in signifier of a soap that is easy to utilize with merely a inexpensive monetary value. 2. Monetary value The suggested retail monetary value of P60. 00 each which is the cheapest whitening merchandise in market yet. Those who can non afford to buy an expensive decorative merchandise. the clients can turn to this merchandise as an option for their facial jobs. 3. Promotion The publicity facet for this merchandise merely use to publicizing. we make advertisement utilizing cyberspace. posting sites and newspapers. Other promotional methods include gross revenues publicities. direct mail. and presentation. In supervising the product’s success. we will offer a particular publicity for the merchandises before incorporating it into normal stock list. 4. Topographic point Our merchandises will be most likely to be sold in topographic point where other cosmetics merchandises are sold. but we will besides set the merchandise in a supermarket of food market shop. This manner the client would non hold the job to purchase the merchandise because it is easy to happen. Most of facial merchandise or cosmetics merchandise have the same intent. and that is to be used by clients and addition net income from it. The companies or certain organisation claiming that their merchandise is better that the others and frailty versa. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. clients are the lone people who will make up ones mind which merchandise is better. Customers presents like cosmetics merchandise that will demo the consequence faster. So. it will be natural that the clients will seek to avail assortment among the different trade names. which is the ground why different trade names or merchandises give price reductions and launch new material. Brand Decision procedure depends on economic position such that if a purchaser knew about any decorative merchandises in less monetary value and more benefits so decidedly he or she will devour it. therefore our merchandise offer more benefits in sensible monetary value for consumer to do a favourable determination. Consumers search for goods that fulfill their demands and enrich their lives. Our merchandises go beyond bringing of a trade good or service ; they pursue the development of a long term profitable relationship with their clients. Customers will purchase our merchandise chiefly because of three factors aroma. bundle and ingredients. Computation ( Income Statement ) Mention1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. stylecraze. com/articles/benefits-of-papaya-for-skin-and-hair/ 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sabunpepaya. net/3. hypertext transfer protocol: //khasiatdaunpepaya. blogspot. com/2013/05/manfaat-sabun-pepaya-untuk-kecantikan. html 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/about_6783990_papaya-soap-skin-whitening. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. livestrong. com/article/230286-what-are-the-benefits-of-papaya-soap/ 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. info. com/papaya % 20soap? cb=63 A ; cmp=2884

A look at the key considerations in determinate vs. indeterminate ruling and overcrowded state and federal prisons in America

A look at the key considerations in determinate vs. indeterminate ruling and overcrowded state and federal prisons in America Determinate Sentencing versus Indeterminate Sentencing and Overcrowding The recent switch back to determinate sentencing in the past thirty years has ultimately overcrowded America’s federal and state prison systems. Despite a substantial decline in crime rates since 1991, the number of people being imprisoned increased continuously until 2011 and the imprisonment rate until 2007. Prisons and jails in 1991 held 1,219,014 inmates. The rate was 481 per 100,000 population. By 2008, the number of inmates had almost doubled to 2,308,390. Both the numbers of people admitted to federal and state prisons, and held in them, substantially increased in 2013. (Tonry, 1997.) Determinate sentencing has a specific number of years, no minimum or maximum. Whilst determinate sentencing was created to promote equality of sentencing, it does not always do so. Determinate sentencing and truth-in- sentencing have very limited discretionary/parole release. This laws are based on the justice model introduced by David Fogul and the concept of â€Å"just deserts,† offered by Andrew von Hirsh. These concepts are based on the similar approach that punishment is to be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime. (book) However, these â€Å"tough on crime† sentencing laws are what caused the current prison overcrowding dilemma in our nation. (Abadinsky, 2015.) One goal of determinate sentencing is to rid the system of parole boards. However, parole and parole boards have proven to be helpful to the system. Parole release has been used for upholding prison discipline and decreasing prison overcrowding for years. As I stated before, parole stemmed from pardons issues by governors. This tactic was used when prisons became overcrowded before parole boards were created. During the period of indeterminate sentencing, parole agencies served as a â€Å"safety valve† for crowded prisons. When Texas prisons were overcrowded in the 1980s, Texas increased parole release. By 1983, roughly forty percent of inmates were released on parole after their first hearing. (Abadinsky, 2015) Another pressing issue with determinate sentencing is prosecutorial discretion. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 abolished indeterminate sentencing and was intended to reduce sentence disparity and rid the system of parole release, but the discretion lost by judges was gained by prosecutors which resulted in longer prison terms and overcrowded prisons. Ronald Wright stated in his article Managing Prison Growth in North Carolina through Structured Sentencing, that â€Å"Legislativley mandated determinate sentencing has not proved to be a workable alternative to the traditional indeterminate system.† (Abadinksy,2015.) Sentencing disparity has been another rising concern with the abolishment of parole boards and determinate sentencing. In the determinate sentencing scheme, the role of the parole board to decrease sentence disparity is ignored. Since one of the main functions of the parole board is to review the sentences of all state prisoners, it can act as a mediating factor. The state of Nebraska is a prime example. The parole board there functions as an â€Å"equalizer,† mediating between ninety-three prosecuting offices and multiple jurisdictions. (Abadinsky, 2015.) Prisons are not constructed to house every offender ever given a prison sentence. Prison is meant to work like a circulation system. Unfortunately, the circulation system has come to halt. Politics have had an influence on prison sentence policy change and ultimately, overcrowded prisons. One theory suggests that high rates of incarceration in the United States and the overcrowding of U.S. prisons and jails result from decisions by policy makers to increase the use of prison sentences as well as the severity(Travis, Western, Redburn, 2014). In 1982, when President Reagan declared the war on drugs, law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges alike began to treat drug offenses more seriously and this led to an increase in incarceration. (Javitze, 2009.) Politicians who preach â€Å"tough on crime† statutes are to blame for prison overcrowding as well. â€Å"Clearly, parole was an easy target for those looking for political opportunities,† notes Barbara Krauth, and â€Å" emotional appeal of an attack on the system that released criminals to the streets may have benefited some political careers more than if actually addressed any of the complex problems of criminal justice.† (Abadinksy, 2015.) Some have described sentencing reform as a â€Å"political football.† (Stansky, 1996.) Because of our nation’s democratic system of frequent legislative elections, widely dispersed governmental powers, and election of judges and prosecutors, law makers tend to be susceptible to public opinions about crime and can become vulnerable to pressures from the public and political opponents to quickly enact tough legislation (Javitze, 2009). Indeterminate sentencing schemes are a much better alternative than determinate sentencing. Indeterminate sentencing usually involves a minimum and maximum, with the actual release determined by a parole board or the result of the accumulation of good time. This type of sentencing was first introduced in 1840 when Alexander Maconochie set out a philosophy of punishment based on reforming the individual criminal; the criminal was to be punished for the past and trained for the future. (Abadinsky, 2015.) In contrast to determinate sentencing, indeterminate sentencing is less likely either to permit premature release or to allow prolonged confinement beyond that needed to ensure the safety of society. (Slobogin, 2011). Indeterminate sentencing focuses on a rehabilitative and reformative approach rather than a â€Å"just deserts† approach. Rehabilitative correctional programs cost more than a prison system that merely aims at unsparing punishment, but benefit society and the prisoners themselves more in the long run. Indeterminate sentencing requires regular evaluations and hearings, treatment teams, and means of rehabilitation in the community in addition to places of confinement. However, community programs are less expensive than institutions once they are established, and are better at reducing recidivism, thus better at reducing the overcrowded prison population (Slobogin, 2011.) Indeterminate sentencing serves two important purposes: one being that indeterminate sentences and parole help to prepare prisoners for the outside world. â€Å"In the absence of discretionary release by a parole board, there is little, if any, pressure on prisoners to prepare for post release.† (Abadinsky, 2015.). The second being that this type of sentencing scheme protects the public from violent, habitual offenders while helping the nonviolent offenders gain opportunity in life. (Gault, 1921.) Another benefit of indeterminate sentences and parole boards is that distinctions can be made between inmates deserving early release and those who do not. Assessments can be made to determine which inmates should be released before the expiration of their sentence and which inmates should be denied release. This type of discretion is allocated to parole boards, who evaluate inmates carefully and decide who stays and who goes. Parole boards stem from the power of governors to pardon selected criminals. In states who use determinate sentencing, a similar release function is carried out by prison officials using good time. Although, prison officials do not have the information, time, or expertise to make accurate release decisions. Indeterminate sentencing and parole allows for parole boards to make discretionary decisions based on their knowledge of the offenders, and also provides an incentive for prisoners to develop personals goals and become motivated to be law-abiding citizens. (Abadinsky, 2015.) In conclusion, overcrowded prisons can be attributed to the use of determinate sentencing over indeterminate sentencing. Indeterminate sentencing offer the option of early release at the discretion of a parole board. While critics of indeterminate sentencing and parole boards claim that this discretionary decision should be left up to judges, parole boards are much better equipped to properly handle the release of offenders. Parole boards also provide support for inmates to prepare them for life on the outside. Without parole boards and a variety of other similar programs, there is little pressure on inmates to prepare for post-release life. This situation ultimately leads to higher recidivism rates, and finally, overcrowded prisons.

Weekly ass. #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly ass. #2 - Essay Example There are instances when a member resorts to social loafing or free riding when he/she perceives that his/her individual performance will not be assessed (Forsyth 294). Lastly, the group becomes unproductive when some members constantly complain. The group allots a bulk amount of its time in addressing member’s complaints instead of generating ideas and executing plans (Wong). I witnessed how such behaviors negatively affected a group I once a member of. A teacher of a particular subject asked us to group ourselves through counting off from 1 to 5, and then asked all number 1 to be a group, and 2, 3 and so on. I noticed that a member of our group keeps on complaining about the conflict of his schedule with our group meeting. He always disagrees with ideas or plans of action presented in the group. However, he failed to present any idea that the group can pursue. These negative behaviors have reduced morale and productivity of the

Group Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Management - Essay Example Since, group composition is an independent factor and organizations chose groups randomly, often there are conflicts among these groups. Many management groups have cited that these conflicts occur because people working in these groups have different motives, personalities, perceptions and motivations. This theory has been promulgated from the fact that no two people are alike and every human mind is different from other. In this essay, we are going to examine this claim by looking at how different personalities, perception and motivations can affect group working. Let's first look at the role of perception and how does it affect an individual's behavior in a group. Perception can be defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. There are many theories that tell us how are perception works and affects our behavior in a group. According to attribution theory, our perception of people differs from our perception of inanimate objects. We judge people by their actions and by determining the root cause of their actions. The theory assumes that people think that actions are caused either internally or externally, depending on consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of these actions. This attribution theory affects a person's behavior in a group. For example, he might perceive that people in his group are lazy because they have cancelled a meeting. This might not be the case because there might be some important emergency that have forced them to cancel a m eeting. Thus, this leads to a fundamental attribution error and affects a person's group behavior. His actions towards them might become as if they are "lazy" and does not like work. However, if a person considers that they have cancelled a meeting due to some external factor, his behavior will be different. This is how perception plays an important role in the behavior of a person while working in a group. Similarly, fundamental attribution error will also occur when person will attach the group's success due to his own efforts, while he will consider that failures have occurred because of other group members. This will make him act unjustly to other group members and he may become rude which will affect the behavior of the entire group. As discussed above, Halo effect might also affect a person's behavior in group working. If someone in the group has done something wrong and he always get the stick for that things and not the praise for so many excellent contributions he had made for the group. In this case, person's behavior in a group will be negative because he will always think that no matter whatever he does he will always be remembered for one mistake(s) he made. Similarly, people also use shortcuts in judging others and selective perception is the prime example of this. If someone has done something wrong then he won't be given an important task again, as people will perceive t hat he will again mess it up. This is how people's behavior might get affected in group work because biased perceptions of others. Similarly, many perceptions about people's behavior in a group are made by contrast affect, projection and stereotyping. If there are two strong members in a group then it will be perceived that the third member will be a weaker member. However, this may not be true as

Immigration Reform Essay Example for Free

Immigration Reform Essay Immigration reform is a widely debated topic that affects the lives of every citizen whether they are for, against or indifferent to the issue. The United States needs a new immigration policy that is based less on wishful thinking and more on realism. Spending vast sums of money trying to enforce arbitrary numerical limits on immigration that bear no relationship to economic reality is a fool’s errand. We need flexible limits on immigration that rise and fall with U.S. labor demand, coupled with strict enforcement of tough wage and labor laws that protect all workers, regardless of where they were born. We need to respect the natural human desire for family reunification, while recognizing that even family-based immigrants are unlikely to come here if jobs are not available. And we need to create a pathway to legal status for unauthorized immigrants who are already here so that they can no longer be exploited by unscrupulous employers who hang the threat of deportation over t heir heads. The impact on ethics regarding immigration reform is that there are many Americans who object to providing health care to those who are in this country illegally and they make the principled point that people who violate the immigration laws of this country have forfeited any moral claim to assistance and should not benefit from their illegal behavior. They also argue that providing those here illegally with access to regular health care will as a practical matter have the undesirable effect of increasing illegal immigration. On the other hand the principled argument in favor of including illegal immigrants in health reform is that decent health coverage is a basic human right. A just nation should support that right for everyone, regardless of why or how a person is in the country. There are also practical reasons to support including undocumented immigrants in health reform. Ethics aside, there is no pragmatic way to deny emergency care to illegal immigrants The impact on morals regarding immigration reform would be how does the issue of immigration reform sits with your mores and values. Should the Christian Values of treating others how you would like to be treated be used? Many Liberals would like to change the laws on immigration to strengthen border security and be fair to taxpayers but also include a pathway to citizenship for immigrants who are in the country illegally. Conservatives would like  to strengthen the existing laws and see that the immigrants that entered the country illegally are deported even though in most cases it would cause the break-up of families as some members may be here illegally and some may be either naturalized or citizens by birth. The things to consider when reviewing how Immigration Reforms would impact our lives is: What are the costs of securing our borders? The current estimate in the costs of securing the borders is $40, 000 per illegal immigrant and the impact it would have on the families and economy of those that live in the border cities would be devastating in terms of loss jobs and revenue. This does not take into account the amount of money spent to hire and train new Border Patrol Agents and drug dogs; using the National Guard and their equipment, and building a fence which places the cost at about 90 billion dollars a year. What are the costs of detaining immigrants? According to the American Civil Liberties Union the cost of detaining an illegal immigrant is between $122 -$164 a day. Should illegal immigrants receive help with medical and food? This is an ethics and moral issue concerning decent human treatment. Though it would place a heavy strain on resources and the economy some type of system should be set up with a limit on how often an illegal immigrant could use the services until citizenship is granted and a repayment plan is instituted.

Literary Elements and Time Setting in Ethan Frome Essay -- essays rese

Ethan Frome Love does not always have happy endings. People can fall in and out of love as easily as changing clothes. "Ethan Frome," a novel by Edith Wharton, explains how a married man named Ethan struggles on with his life, secretly distracted by the yearning for his wife's cousin, Mattie Silver. The author uses literary elements and time setting in the story. Wharton has been generous in using literary elements in the novel. She has put together senses of personification and similies to thoroughly describe the plot of the story. In personifying the kitchen ornaments, the author uses "...-were hastily refreshing themselves at one corner of the supper-table which aligned its devastated pie dishes and ice cream saucers on the platform at the end of the hall." In this selection, Whar...

Analysis of Impact of Immigration on Uk Nationals Trying to Find a Job Using Entman’s Definition of Framing.

Immigration in Uk- although not a recent occurrence, has become one of the most pressing social and economic issue for the country in the present times. With migrant population escalating by 22% during the open door policy period of 2000 to 2005 (Mail Online, 19 April 2012) and the number of immigrants and foreign born residents at its greatest than anytime in the history, immigration has also become a controversial political issue in Uk.In this essay, using Entman's model of framing, I will examine how the media and different political actors exercise framing of arguments supporting and opposing immigration and it's impact on British nationals trying to gain employment. Entman defines framing as â€Å"to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text , in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation for the item described. (1993:52) The key points in E ntman's model of framing are selection and salience. After a more or less conscious selection process of a matter, salience is given to certain elements to establish argument about the problem, its cause, evaluation and the solution to the problem – the four main purposes of framing. The news media frames the high unexpected numbers of immigration from European Union and non European Union countries, defining it not as an issue but as a potential problem and a socio-cultural threat to the country.The existing schemata in the belief system of present British population also view immigration as a potential problem due to the rise of foreign population. Schemata are the cognitive mental frameworks that help us perceive reality. Watson suggests that these existing schemata hugely affect our responses, despite our efforts to maintain impartiality. Therefore for successful communication, the communicator selects the issue of their interest highlighting the elements that fit with th e receiver’s existing schemata. (2003:187)I have chosen two contradicting news media articles on impact of immigration on employment of people in Uk, by MigrationWatch Uk and The Guardian, written with different political ideological perspective to analyse how framing a text in different ways serves different purposes. After the careful problem definition, framing diagnoses the problem addressing the associations and the sources of the problem. MigrationWatch Uk (6 Jan, 2012) diagnoses the high number of immigrants specially European Immigrants, to be a hindrance on possibilities of British nationals' employment.The article stresses on all the negative impact immigration has had on the local youth pointing out that the high number of skilled immigrant working for lower wages has thinned the chances of British born of getting the jobs they would have got were it not for the immigrants. On the other hand, the article published by The Guardian is in stark contrast with the forme r article which states that â€Å"Immigration to Britain has had little or no impact on the overall levels of unemployment, even during the recent recession. (10 Jan, 2012) The article claims of having no evidence of negative impacts of immigration on employment in Britain. Therefore, a different diagnosis on the same issue shows how communication texts can be framed by giving salience to different elements. The moral judgment then prompted by the framing of immigration suggests that the European Union(EU) immigrants have taken maximum advantage of the open border policy therefore abusing Britain’s generosity.By highlighting the numeric data of high number of British youth unemployment and EU employment, since 2004 till 2011, and showing the enormity of the problem, MigrationWatch UK suggests stopping anymore immigration and lowering the current number of immigrants as the only possible solution to minimize the negative effects of EU immigration on employment. Migration Watc h Uk is an organization which opposes high level of immigration in Britain and is open about its anti-immigration policies.The report published by the organization as part of the ‘zero net migration' campaign can be argued to be biased in its framing of immigration as it portrays youth unemployment problem as an immigration problem itself. The report has omitted the issues like the recession and lack of qualifications during the selection process and giving salience only to comparison of number of employed EU workers with the number unemployed British youths. The Guardian (10 Jan, 2012) on the other hand frames immigration as a trivial issue in relation to impact on employment, disregarding the seriousness of the issue nd omitting the factual numeric data- admitting to only a slight impact on employment of less skilled people. It points out that the rise of youth unemployment was prevalent before the large flow of immigrants from the European Union since 2004. Any conscious or unconscious framing of any text carried out by the communicator are the product of the communicator's frames or schemata that organize their perception of reality. However, Entman also argues that the frames, in a communication process, also exist in the receivers of the text and the culture apart from the communicator and the communicating text. 1993:52) Influenced by various physical, and social factors, the receivers have their own set of frames that navigate their perceptions and their judgments which may or may not coincide with the communicator's framing judgements or the frames in the text. Similarly, common frames or schemata exists in culture among different people in a social group sharing similar belief systems. For example, People from an area with dense immigrant population might criticize The Guardian's article for undermining the potential threat of immigration as they have witnessed the losing jobs to immigrants and agreeing with MigrationWatch Uk's report.While peo ple from more affluent places might criticize the latter as they believe immigrants are taking up domestic and labour works for them that British nationals would not do hence leaving the high skilled jobs for British people. â€Å"News frames make the world beyond direct experience look natural; they are principles of selection, emphasis and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exist, what happens and what matters. ( Glitin 1980:6 in Allan 2010;74) News hugely influence the choices of audiences by the way they present a communicating text by arranging issues and framing them in the order they are to be comprehended and made meaning out of them. The readers of MigrationWatch Uk are influenced to perceive both EU and non-EU immigration as a grave employment problem Britain is faced to tackled with. It influences people either aware or unaware of other issues the country is facing in regards to employment , to perceive immigrants as solely responsible for lack of youth employment opportunities.The report can also trigger people already in disapproval of immigrants to develop anti -immigration attitude leading to rejection of foreign nationals and xenophobia. While The Guardian, on the other hand fails to illuminate the exact factual details of the high amounts of working immigrants that points out the seriousness of the matter. As a left winged news provider, The Guardian comes across as biased on immigration issues. Readers can perceive the article as covering up the bad news or important information of the high amount of unemployment of youth by giving more priority or salience to inaccuracy of the MigrationWatch report.This shows how the coverage of the same matter by a different organization with a different ideology , has framed the matter in a different light. News media frame the events in a way that highlights the components that advance the story and interest the viewers and are much less concerned with the underlying conditions of the events and components that explain the event rather than advance. (Giltin 1980:28 in Allan 2010:7) Although framed in different perspectives, both the articles show an understanding that the issue of immigration overall appeals to all audience irrespective of their right winged- left winged political ideology.The readers may or may not be able to relate the disorderly events of the world to their cultural belief systems or schemata. Therefore, by framing the events or issues and highlighting the components the communicators want the viewers to acknowledge, they present the events in an orderly and understandable way to the readers. Framing gives meaning and order to the numerous arbitrary happening in the social world by composing them into ordered meaningful events therefore becoming an efficient and important attribute in prevalent news presentation systems.Although, the issue of impacts of immigration on employment as well as on various other factors in Uk is being treated di fferently by different media organisations, and presented in different ways highlighting different aspect of the issues- some news media arguing on fears of unemployment, declining public services and social security and decreasing wages while some news media stressing on arguments related to cheap labour force and economic growth- as immigration turns into a physical and economical threat from being just a cultural threat, the problem becomes more politically prominent and less polarized pproach and responses of the problem by all news media is imminent. Bibliography: Entman, R. (1993) Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51: 58 [online] Available at: [Accessed: 22 April 2012] Gavaghan, J. (2012) Immigration boom under Labour changed face of Britain faster than any major country except Italy, Oxford experts reveal. Mail Online. [Online] 19 April Available at: < http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2132012/Immigration-boom-La bour-changed-face-Britain-faster-major-country-Italy-Oxford-experts-reveal. tml> [Accessed 26 April, 2012] Green, A. (2012) Youth Unemployment and Immigration From the A8 Countries. Migration Watch Uk. [Online] 6 Jan Available at: [Accessed 25 April 2012] Stuart, A. (2010) News Culture, 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press Travis, A. (2012) Migrants do not affect jobless levels, say researchers. The Guardian, [Online] 10 Jan. Available at: [Accessed 23 April, 2012] Watson, J. (2003) Media Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Process, 2nd ed. Basingtoke: Palgrave

Effect of Colors on the Brain and on Emotions Essay

Colors are an intimate facet of our everyday lives and exist in everything that we see. Colors and emotions have a strong relationship between them. It is widely recognized that colors have also a strong impact on our emotions and feelings (Hemphill, 1996; Lang, 1993; Mahnke, 1996). The color red has been associated with excitement, strength, sex, passion, speed, and danger. White has been associated with pure, virginal, clean, youthful, and mild. Blue that is most popular color has been associated with trust, reliability, belonging, and coolness. Black is allied with sophistication, elegant, seductive, mystery, and sexual. And Pink is allied with soft, sweet, nurture, and security. Colors are linked with many different emotions. All colors have positive and negative impression connected with it. It has been tested and proven that colors have different alpha rate associated with it. The purpose of the study was to see if the brain responses differently while looking at different colors and to see if there were any connections between color and emotions. Methods Participants The data for this study was gathered by a total of 11 participants from Cognitive Neuroscience Lab class (4 male and 7 female) at the University Center, Lake County Campus. Among those participants included one professor and the other ten consisted of undergraduate students from psychology department at Northeastern Illinois University. All the participants tested had no sort of color deficiency. Stimuli Series of six questions were prepared for the experiment consisting of two parts: the first part included power-point with the five different colors playing each for 20 seconds followed by the questionnaire. The series of questions asked the participants about their emotional stage while looking at the colors. Five random colors were chosen based on cultural reference for America. The colors consisted of red, white, blue, black and pink. The color samples were prepared using Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 software. Procedure For this study, participants were tested individually in a classroom designed as a computer lab. Each participant was seated front of a desktop computer. The monitor displayed each color illustration full screened one at a time which lasted 20 seconds each. Participants were told to look for a smiley face while looking at colors to keep them focused on the screen. Each participant was observed under the NeuroSky Mindset EEG while viewing the colors to record their brain activity. The order of color illustration was same for all the participants. After each participant was done looking at the colors; they were asked a series of questions related to emotions. Participants were asked, â€Å"What emotional response do you associate with (name of color)? and What color attracted you more? These questions were modified from Boyatizis and Varghese (1994) and Hemphill (1996). Only one response was permitted for each question. The answers were recorded on an observation sheet. Each observation lasted about 5 minutes each. Results Data for this study was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The median and mean was conducted to get the different alpha amplitude. There were a total of seven different responses for answers to choose from for the emotion section of the questionnaire and five different colors to choose from for the response to what color attracted the participant more. Some of the questions had the same meaning (e. g. , calm, angry) and some had different meaning such as (honest, stable). Based on the results; red had the highest amplitude which means that participants were calm while watching the color red. Pink had the lowest amplitude which means that participants were excited or stressed while watching the color pink. The average mean ranged from 29. 3 – 11. 6. Even though red is considered an excited color; the EEG showed that participants were more calm or relaxed while observing red. Pink is considered a soft and sweet color but the EEG showed that participants were stressed and excited while observing pink. One-tailed t-test was used to analyze the data for significance. There was significance between all colors except when we compared red vs. white and white vs. black. The p-value for red and white was 0. 1, for white and blue p-value was 0. 02, between blue and black p-value was . 14, and p-value between black and pink was 0. 03. These results show that there was significance difference in alpha. The different amplitude showed the different alpha rate. Nine out of eleven participants chose pink as most excited color and six out of eleven chose pink as their favorite color. This shows a correlation between brain activity and emotions. The EEG showed pink as the most stressed or excited color and the participants chose pink as more excited as the answer to one of the question for experiment. Discussion The main aim for this study was to examine color-brain activity allied with emotions among random sample from undergraduate students and professor. The present study consisted of five different colors including red, white, blue, black and pink. A headset from NeuroSky Mindset, desktop computer and a questionnaire. Overall, 54. 4% participants said that pink was their favorite color and 81. 8% of participants said that they felt excited when they say the color pink. 18% of participants said they were attracted to the color red and the rest of 27% was distributed equally among the color white, blue and black. The results concluded that there was a significant different among all the colors except for red vs. white and black vs. hite. A total of six participants said that they felt danger when they saw red but the EEG results showed the opposite concluding that they were more relaxed. A total of six participants said they felt calm while looking at white and seven said they were calm while looking at blue color. Almost all for except one said they felt serious while seeing the color black. For future studies, I would have the participants write their emotional response right after they see the color and have them decide what response they feel instead of having them to choose one of the answers given.

Advocacy Action, Change and Commitment

Advocacy Action, Change and Commitment Introduction Advocacy according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) context is defined as the use of efforts that affect the political climate, plan and programme verdicts, as well as public opinions or social beliefs. This context also defines advocacy as financial determinations, community aid and involvement in an issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy: Action, Change and Commitment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is done via a set of well-designed actions carried out through a group of dedicated individuals or corporations working in a performance. It simply entails exploring the environment, identifying the agenda, defining partners, lobbying assistance of decision makers, developing allies and constituent building. Advocacy according to UNFPA heavily depends on mass media, group and interpersonal communications. The common targets of advocacy include policy makers, several decision make rs, spiritual leaders and those managing access to substantial resources such as the media (Henderson Pochin 106). Discussion Advocacy was adopted as a core programme area by UNFPA in 1995 over other approaches such as social mobilization, social selling, education, health enhancement and BCC (Behavioral change communication). The advantage of UNFPA advocacy over these methods is that UNFPA advocacy brings light on ICPD precedence’s and rising concerns. Second, UNFPA advocacy puts into consideration key issues such as gender cruelty and the girl child education. In addition, UNFPA advocacy provides a well organized framework for controlling resources to attend to ICPD priorities. The main differences between UNFPA advocacy and IEC include the fact that while UNFPA advocacy targets people by enrolling their support for the gain of other community members, IEC targets people by enrolling them to transform their behaviors for their personal gains. UNFPA advocacy is thus directed towards affecting the communal policy and public arena while IEC is primarily directed towards affecting conduct that is more individual. There are eight essential elements of UNFPA advocacy strategy. These include openly defined issues, well planned objectives, properly evaluated environment, recognized stakeholders, principal messages, suitably chosen intrusions and tools, execution plan and particular indicators for supervision and evaluation (Freeley Steinberg 268).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The situation discussed for the preparation of UNFPA advocacy plan in this paper is gender issues in reproductive well being. Women are rapidly heading for full and equal involvement in all features of local and international development. Some of the key barriers to the development of female sexual and reproductive well being are their lack of authority to make decision s at all socio- efficient levels. Assenting actions are required in this case. The preparation of an advocacy plan should, therefore, attempt to achieve equality and justness based on well balanced relationships amongst men and women. It should make it possible for women to recognize their full capabilities. The advocacy plan should make certain the improvement of women participation to sustainable development by fully involving them in processes of decision making at all levels. Women should also take part in all areas of production, income creating activities, science, education, traditions and technology. They should actively participate as decision makers, contributors and beneficiaries (Subedi Thapa 98). Approaches that can be taken within an Advocacy programme include the involvement of significant leaders and chief decision makers. This work together to strengthen relationships that offer access to the other decision makers. They establish what pressures or agreements must b e passed to the public. They are instruments to supply precise information. These leaders also make the public understand the official and unofficial parts of the advocacy programme. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving gender issues. Working together with the mass media so as to generate consensus is another approach. This involves coming up with an outreach programme to keep the objectives of the programme in the brains of the media, the overall public and decision makers. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving reproductive health. The third approach involves building companionships, networks and unions. In advocacy, figures significantly matter and establishing a network that will act like a framework and execute tasks in support of the matter is an added advantage to the process. This approach may sometimes constitute action planning. Important actions may have to be carried out to make formal the proposed network. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving population development. The fourth approach is the development of national capabilities for advocacy. This involves visions for nations being agents of affirmative social change so that all the people in a nation have intrinsic value as partakers of a fair and inclusive society. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving gender issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy: Action, Change and Commitment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last approach involves the mobilization of societies as pressure units. Practical communities are created. These share identical values. This approach generates the momentum of the actual world activities by adding the views and concerns articulated by virtual communities. It has the capability of mobilizing human resources past geographical, ritual and institutional barriers. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving reproductive he alth (Soonaval 802). The tools that are available include stakeholder evaluation, persuasion practices and media. Persuasion tools involve urging, petitioning, discussions, conciliations and conflict resolutions among the people. The use of media as a tool involves the use of press meetings, fact and background slips, media packets and radio and television shows. Stakeholder evaluation as a tool involves the identification and categorization of the potential stakeholders. This is done so as to know their interests as per a particular issue. Freeley, Austin Steinberg, David. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision. Boston, M A: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Henderson, Rick Pochin, Mikright. Advocacy, justice and empowerment. Bristol: Policy Press, 2001.Print Soonaval, Kavasha. Advocacy: Its principles and practice. Bombay: N. M. Tripathi, 1960.Print Subedi, Ram Thapa, Rosemary. Advocacy strategies and approaches: a training of trainer’s manual on advocacy strategies for community-based organizations in the Hindu Kush. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 2005. Print

Outline the reasons for the increase in global tourism. Discuss the Essay

Outline the reasons for the increase in global tourism. Discuss the long-term effects of tourism on an emerging economy - Essay Example 1). It is worth noting that global tourism is on the increase and has resulted in many economic benefits to the countries involved. This paper is therefore going to look at the increase in global tourism and the long-term effects of tourism on an emerging economy. Reasons for the increase in global tourism There are several reasons that have led to the massive increase in global tourism over the past few years, and Barnes (2008) has pointed out some of the reasons which we are going to look at. 1. Cheap air travel and package tours. Air travel being made cheap by several airline companies has encouraged many people to travel as tourists to the destinations of their choice. This is mainly because they can now afford to pay for their airfares, and this is contrary to what was happening in the past when air travel was mainly for the very rich in the society. Further encouraging the growth of global tourism is the introduction of very attractive package tours. For example, things such as discounts for certain periods of stay or in certain seasons have seen people take advantage of them. Similarly, countries which offer tourist destinations have lowered charges to a reasonable level, and this has had the effect of encouraging tourists to visit those destinations. Just like any other product or service with a lowered price attracts buyers in plenty, tourism also increases when the cost of travel, accommodation, and gate charges at various destinations are reduced. 2. Rising income Increasing income of the people in several places in the world has led to the growth in global tourism because these people can now afford the travel and other expenses related to tourism. Rising income is a factor that is attributed to the economic growth, and it means that people have money to spend, and may choose to spend it by touring places of their choice. People whose income has increased have extra money that they may use in leisure activities, with tourism being a leisure activity for those who can afford it. 3. Advent of internet Computers, the Internet and its associated technologies have made a lot of things easier including tourism. Efficiency, cost and time saving are some of the advantages brought about by this kind of technology, and this has had a tremendous impact on tourism. Booking flight is now done online by many people and has proved to be a very quick and effective method of booking. This is because it saves time and money and enables one to avoid the inconvenience involved in getting to a booking office. All is done at the comfort of the home. Also one can make hotel bookings in the destination country via the Internet, which bring costs and inconveniences down. For example, one makes an online booking in order to be guaranteed accommodation once he/she lands in the destination country. Via online bookings, one can also hire a travel car, do research on a particular country of destination to know about its offers and a whole lot of things, an d this is done while seated at home or in the office. 4. Easy visa access According to World Tourism Council (WTC) and World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) (2012), minimal steps towards visa facilitation can lead to huge economic benefits as a result of increased tourism demand and spending. When countries relax restrictions on visa issuance, then the effect is that people travel a lot and this takes place, and it

Business Plan Implementation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Plan Implementation - Personal Statement Example Coral Reef Adventures will dive seven days each week and visit a variety of dive sites each day. With over 25 unique dive sites available off the coast of Palm Beach, divers will experience a truly remarkable diving experience. The Coral Reef will operate from a beautiful 38’ Canaveral Custom Boat or equivalent docked at the Riverian Beach Marina. The boat will be well equipped with a professional captain and crew to serve its guests. There will be a Certified Dive Masters on every trip, oxygen and Nitrox fills on board, complimentary soft drinks and snacks and a fresh water rinse area for all to enjoy. Coral Reef Adventures, Inc. will accommodate up to 25-30 customers at a time. The boat will be equipped with 9 well trained staff and state of the art equipment, to make each trip a safe and enjoyable adventure. The company’s mission will be to deliver a variety of programs and packages that appeal to all skill levels. It provides maximum frequencies and options to guests and demonstrates abilities to showcase best dive charter with the best service and safety conscience crew the Florida â€Å"Gold Coast† has to offer. Finally, it endeavors to provide extra value added amenities, the competition does not offer to all guests. My goal is to engender a business that performs at a consistent profitable level, and as my four Sons finish their educational careers, it is my intention to integrate each one into different functions of the business. I would like the company to have acquired 25 new boats from the current single boat in the next 10 years, and grow by an average of $ 2million per year in revenue. I will need to impart teamwork, good communication, reliability and responsiveness to my team. Besides, I will recruit those who have a passion for diving and have shown credible track record in doing honest and ethical business. I will also motivate my employees by reviewing their monthly paychecks upwards. The new technology and social

Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois Essay

Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois - Essay Example The essay "Disclosure Laws in Real Estate, California Vs. Illinois" discusses the disclosure laws in California and Illinois residential real estate. They are not completely different, but they do have some distinct aspects. Both states require forms to be filled out. However, the liability completely falls on the shoulders of the seller in California, while in Illinois the liability for the property is not completely the seller’s responsibility. This is not altogether uncommon from Illinois residential property law, which also applies to the same amount of dwelling units. Additionally, within the disclosure forms of each state, any defects in the properties must be duly noted. This is confirmed by Galaty et. al. in the book Modern Real Estate Practice in Illinois.In law, liability is a serious issue. Liability is basically one’s financial and legal responsibility towards an issue - in this case, for the property. One’s financial liability with regards to propert y includes the fact that the person not only pays their property taxes on time but also pays all of the utilities. Additionally, financial liability with regard to any sort of property includes the fact that there must be a liability with regard to property loss. This is especially problematic in California, where any kind of property loss could preclude a financial liability investigation of such a loss. Legal responsibility with regard to property includes the fact that one must be responsible for any acts which occur on the property.

Logicial Fallacies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logicial Fallacies - Assignment Example . To give a perfectly good example of the Slippery Slope fallacy, one only has to look at the Direct TV â€Å"Dont Sell Your Wig† commercial from 2012 whose premise is that people who are dissatisfied with their cable TV provider eventually end up taking unbelievable steps to keep themselves entertained so that they eventually end up selling their hair at a wig shop because the unbelievable steps they took to entertain themselves left them without any money to keep themselves entertained. Now, Appeal to Authority is one of the most popular logical fallacies in commercials. As the name of the fallacy implies, people believe in the words of authority figures. Therefore, the people will believe anything that a popular or powerful figures says. In the â€Å"GoDaddy Presents - The Baker† commercial, Jean Claude Van Damme exemplifies this definition. Although he is not a baker, people will believe anything that he says in the commercial because he is a popular and trusted public figure. Coming to the Post Hoc fallacy, one must try to understand the concept of â€Å"after this, therefore because of this† in order to make sense of the belief that the actions of a person affect the end result of an event. The best example of this type of fallacy in commercials can be seen widely in sports related commercials. Bud Light has one of the most memorable Post Hoc commercials with the closing line â€Å"Its only weird if it doesnt work†. After all, sports fans have very specific beliefs and traditions about each game played by their favorite team. There is the the favorite shirt, the favorite mug, not changing underwear, and the like that these team fans and members do in order to ensure â€Å"victory† for their team. Just like in the Bud Light commercial, the Post Hoc fallacy asks us to believe that just because 2 things happened one after the other, then it must be connected and must always be done in order to ensure the same outcome every time. This i s a

The arguments for floating and fixed exchange rates

The arguments for floating and fixed exchange rates Evaluate the respective arguments for floating and fixed exchange rates. Your answer should include an exploration of theoretical issues and evaluation of historical and contemporary experiences of alternative international monetary regimes. Historical Overview of the International Monetary System (IMS) The International Monetary System refers to the institutional framework within which International payments are made, movements of capital are accommodated and exchange rates are determined. An appreciation of the international monetary system is essential for the understanding of the flow of international capital or currency  [1]  . The exchange rate regimes that have been practised for over a century have taken the forms of fixed and floating mechanisms. Floating exchange rate is that which allows exchange rate to vary in accordance with the changes in the supply and demand for foreign exchange. Fixed exchange rate refers to a currency price that is intentionally prevented from fluctuating by means of specific government policies that influence the supply and demand for foreign exchange  [2]  . Reviewing the principal international monetary systems that nations have practised over the past century, it would be seen that each mechanism carries with it a set of rules which are sometimes explicit in the form of laws or regulations and sometimes implicit in the form of conventions or customs that are in the parlance of international finance termed the rule of the game  [3]  . Ronald McKinnon (1993) describes the operations of he principal international systems of the last century and noted that the period from 1914 to 1945 reflected the global turmoil of two World Wars and the Great Depression that no uniform system could be ascribed to the period. Mckinnon (1993) organises his review into seven different episodes except the inter-war period, each having own set of rules  [4]  . McKinnons categorization appears to have been rendered outdated by more recent development in the international monetary system. From my own point of view, I would rather classify the metamorphosis of the international monetary system into eight episodes that are discussed below:- 1. Bimetallism Period Before 1875:- Commodity money system using both silver and gold which are precious metals for international payments and for domestic currency because they possessed the features of a means of exchange such as intrinsic value, portable, recognizable, homogenous, divisible, durable and non-perishable  [5]  . Under a bimetallic standard (or any time when more than one type of currency is acceptable for payment), countries would experience Greshams Law which is when bad money drives out good money  [6]  . 2. The International Gold Standard -(1879-1913) For about 40 years most of the world was on an international gold standard, ended with World War II when most countries went off gold standard. London was the financial centre of the world, most advanced economy with the most international trade. Rules of the Game I The International Gold Standard -(1879-1913) Fix an official gold price or mint parity and allow free convertibility between domestic money and gold at that price; Impose no restriction on the import or export of gold by private citizens, or on the use of gold for international transactions; Issue national currency and coins only with gold backing, and link the growth in national bank deposits to the availability of national gold reserves. In the event of a short-run liquidity crisis associated with gold outflows, the central bank should lend freely to domestic banks at higher interest rates. If Rule (i) is ever temporarily suspended, restore convertibility at the original unit parity as soon as practicable. As a result of these practices, the worldwide price level will be endogenously determined based on the overall world demand and supply of gold. Source:- All the Rules of the Game were adapted from Ronald I. Mckinnon, The Rules of the Game:- International Money in Historical Perspective, Journal of Economic Literature, Volume 31 (Mar 1993) Arguments in Support of the Gold Standard Price Stability through the tying of money supply to the supply of gold, central banks are unable to expand the money supply. The only ways in which they can do so are by acquiring more supplies of gold through production or by running balance of payments surpluses with other countries  [7]  . Facilitates Balance of Payment adjustment automatically this was first described by David Hume and is referred to as Humes specie flow mechanism  [8]  . Arguments Against the Gold Standard The growth of output and the growth of gold supplies needs to be closely linked.- For example, if the supply of gold increased faster than the supply of goods did there would be inflationary pressure  [9]  . Volatility in the supply of gold could cause adverse shocks to the economy  [10]  . In practice, the monetary authorities may not be forced to strictly tie their hands in limiting the creation of money, so some of the theoretical advantages may not hold up. For example, the Central Bank could issue more currency without having acquired more gold, and the public may not become aware of what is going on  [11]  . Countries with respectable monetary policy makers cannot use monetary policy to fight domestic issues like unemployment. 3. The Inter-War Period (1919-1939) After the eruption of the World War I, each warring country after the other put the gold convertibility on hold and embraced the floating exchange rates. However, the United States which joined the battle late, upheld gold convertibility but the dollar floated effectively against other currencies that had ceased to become convertible into dollars. Many exchange rates fluctuated sharply after the war and in the early and through mid-twenties as a lot of currencies experiencing massive devaluations against the dollar but the United States currency had greatly improved its competitive strength over the European currencies during the war in tandem with the stronger relative position of the United State economy  [12]  . Sequel to a prolonged internal debate, the United Kingdom restored the gold convertibility at the pre-war parity against the United State dollar  [13]  . It was not surprising to see other countries emulate Britain and returned to the gold but in many cases at devalued rates and what was the impact of this action on those countries economy? The anomalies and disequilibria created during the war were not well manifested in the par values that were established in the mid-twenties  [14]  . The exchange markets were characterised by turbulence and chaos during the 1930s. Under a condition serious global depression and erosion of confidence, the international monetary system broke down into rival currency blocs, competitive devaluations, discriminatory trade restrictions and exchange controls, high tariffs and barter trade arrangements. Several efforts geared at re-establishing order proved abortive.  [15]   4. The Spirit of the Bretton Woods Agreement (1945) In July, 1944, the International Monetary and Financial Conference organised by the United Nations attempted to put together an international financial system that eliminated the chaos of the inter-war years. The terms of the agreement were negotiated by forty four nations, led by the U.S. and Britain. The British delegation was led by John Maynard Keynes, perhaps the most famous economist of the twentieth century  [16]  . In essence, the Bretton Woods Agreement sought a set of rules that would remove countries from the tyranny of the gold standard and permit greater autonomy for national monetary policies. The negotiators recognised the historical shortcomings of other systems and the trade-offs they would face in trying to balance stable yet adjustable exchange rates. Rules of the Game II:- The Spirit of the Bretton Wood Agreement (1945) Fix an official par value for domestic currency in terms of gold or a currency tied to gold as a numeraire; In the short run, keep the exchange rate pegged within 1.0% of its par value, but in the long run leave open the option to adjust the par value unilaterally if IMF concurs; Permit free convertibility of currencies for current account transactions but use capital controls to limit currency speculation; Off-set short-run balance of payments imbalance by use of official reserves and IMF credits, and sterilize the impact of exchange market interventions on the domestic money supply. Permit national macroeconomic autonomy; each member pursuing its own price level and employment objectives. The IMF was created with the specific goal of being the multilateral body that monitored the implementation of the Bretton Woods agreement. Its role was to hold gold reserves and currency reserves that were contributed by the member countries and then lend this money out to nations that had currency difficulty meeting their obligations under the agreement.  [17]   Currencies had to be convertible:- central banks had to exchange domestic currency for dollars upon request. However, certain countries were also allowed to institute capital controls on certain types of transactions. Only current account related transactions were required to be fully convertible and countries were allowed to impose restrictions on the exchange of capital account related transactions.  [18]   The Asymmetric Position of the Reserve Centre Country In a world with N countries there are only N-1 exchange rates against the reserve currency. If all the countries in the world are fixing their currencies against the reserve currency and acting to keep the rate fixed, then the reserve country has no need to intervene  [19]  . The Collapse of the Bretton Woods System Bretton Woods faltered in the 1960s because of a U.S. trade and budget deficits. Nations holding U.S. dollars doubted the U.S. government had gold reserves to redeem all its currency held outside the U.S. Demand for gold in exchange for dollars caused a large global sell-off of dollars  [20]  . In 1971, the U.S. government closed the gold window by decree of President Nixon. The world moved from a gold standard to a dollar standard: from Bretton Woods to the Smithsonian Agreement  [21]  . Growing increase in the amount of dollars printed further eroded faith in the system and the dollars role as a reserve currency. By 1973, the world had moved to search for a new financial system one that no longer relied on a worldwide system of pegged exchange rates.(Levich, 2004) 5. The Floating Rate Dollar Standard (1973-1984) The floating rate system that developed after the fall of the Bretton woods was not devoid of rules and the rules which were of two folds, one set of rules for countries other than the United States and the other set for the United States. The US dollar remained the centrepiece of international financial markets. To assess the external values of domestic currency, officials would typically refer to an exchange rate in US$. And when intervention was called for, it was generally conducted in U.S. dollar. While the system was called floating, it was far from a freely floating laissez-faire system. Policy makers were unwilling to let private market forces be the sole determinant of exchange rates. This is not surprising given the importance of exchange rates to an economy. Richard Cooper (1984) reminds us that it is inconceivable that a government held responsible for managing its economy could keep its hands off the exchange rate. And sure enough, they are not left alone. The IMF also recognised that each country saw its exchange rate as an important policy variable and that the exchange rate policy of one country could have significant negative spill-over effects on other countries. Therefore, in 1974, the IMF enacted a set of guidelines designed to limit the potential for conflicts regarding exchange rate policies  [22]  . While these guidelines are not binding, they show that the IMF sanctions intervention as a method to promote orderly conditions in the foreign exchange market  [23]  . Essentially, the foreign exchange rate was left to play the role of a residual variable that did a great deal of the adjusting to offset the macro-economic policy differences across countries. With little coordination of these policies, one would expect exchange rate volatility to increase sharply.(Adam Bennett, 1995) Rules of the Game III Industrial Countries Other Than the United States. Smooth short term variability in the dollar exchange rate but do not commit to an official par value or to long term exchange rate stability; Permit free convertibility of currencies for current account transactions while endeavouring to eliminate all remaining restrictions on capital account transactions; Use the US$ as the intervention currency (except for transactions to stabilise European exchange rates) and keep official reserves primarily in U.S. Treasury Bonds; Modify domestic monetary policy to support major exchange rate interventions, reducing the money supply when the national currency is weak against the dollar and expanding the money supply when the national currency is strong. Set long-run national monetary and price targets independently of the United States; let the exchange rates adjust over the long run to off-set those differences. Rules of the Game The United States. Remain passive in the forex market; practise free trade without a balance of payment or exchange rates target. No need foe sizeable official foreign exchange reserves; Keep the U.S. capital markets open for borrowing and investing by private residents and foreign sovereigns; Pursue a monetary policy independent of the exchange rate or policies in order countries, thereby not strong for a common stable price level (or anchor) for tradable goods. 7. The Plaza-Louvre Intervention Accords the Floating Rate Dollar Standard-(1985-1999) The US had held a fairly passive stance toward exchange rates during first 10-years of float. In 1981, the induction of an expansive US fiscal policy combined tight monetary control (supported by President Ronald Reagan) combined with tight monetary control (guided by Federal Reserves Chairman, Paul Volcker) started the US dollar on a prolonged appreciation. By early 1985, the US$ had appreciated nearly 50% (relative to 1980) in real terms against an average of the worlds other major currencies. As the US dollar rose higher, some economists characterised its price behaviour as a speculative bubble (meaning a movement greater than, and progressively greater than justified by macroeconomic fundamentals) and predicted that the foreign exchange value of the dollar was not sustainable.  [24]   The entire episode convinced policy makers that:- exchange rates were too important to be left to market forces, hence intervention was deemed appropriate to smooth disorderly markets and halt market excesses, and exchange rates were too important to be the residual from uncoordinated economic policies, so better policy coordination was required to establish a set of economic fundamentals that in turn would produce a smother path of the exchange rate. As a result, since 1985, a new set of rules has evolved emphasizing the role of exchange market intervention and macroeconomic policy coordination. The first part of the policy change, the easy part, was foreign exchange intervention. Although, the appreciation of the US$ peaked in early March, 1985, the dollar did not initially fall by much and the use Congress continued to favour import restrictions (Barry Eichengreen, 1996). 7(a) The Plaza Accord On September 22, 1985, officials from the Group of Five (G-5) countries Britain, France, West Germany, Japan and the US met at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, where they issued a communiquà © announcing that they would interfere jointly foster dollar depreciation. The dollar fell sharply on this news and continued to decline through 1986. The Plaza communiquà © represented a sharp break with earlier policies. Exchange market intervention was often characterised by leaning against the wind behaviour to reverse the market trend. The Plaza meeting had the Central Banks leaning with the wind of the recently weak dollar. Further exchange market interventions were often kept secret and were often the doings of a single central bank  [25]  . 7(b) The Louvre Accord The dollars free fall continued into 1987, so much that some European officials began to fear for the competitiveness of their own export industries which prompted policy makers from the G-5 countries plus Canada to make another attempt at exchange rate co-operation in a meeting at the LOUVRE in Paris in February 22, 1987. At the Louvre meeting, policy makers agreed to foster stability of exchange rates around their current levels. This was not an unusual statement as part of a press release from a meeting of international finance minister but the Louvre accord was more than an emotional statement in praise of stability. The substance of the Louvre meeting was a set of target zones, or exchange rate range, that the Central Bankers agreed to defend using active foreign exchange intervention  [26]  . The Louvre accord has been criticised on the ground that the target zone strategy could have no real force and the decision to keep the zonal boundaries secret was simply a device to prevent any evaluation of the policys success. The Rules of the Game IV- The Plaza-Louvre Intervention Accords and the Floating Rate Dollar Standard-(1985-1999):- Germany, Japan and United States (G-3) Set broad target zones for the US$/DM and US$/Y exchange rates. Do not announce the agreed upon central rates, and allow for flexible zonal boundaries; Allow the implicit central rates to adjust when economic fundamentals among the G-3 countries change substantially; Central Banks intervene collectively but infrequently to reverse short-run exchange rate trends that threaten a zonal boundary. Signal the collective intent by announcing rather than hiding intervention. G-3 countries hold reserves in each others currencies, for the U.S. This means building up reserves in deutsche marks, yen, and possibly other convertible currencies. Sterilize the immediate impact of exchange market interventions by not adjusting short-term interest rates. Each G-3 country aims its monetary policy towards stable prices (measured by domestic consumer or wholesale prices or the GNP deflator), which indirectly anchors the world price level and reduces the drift in exchange rate zones. The Rule of the Game Other Industrial Countries Support or do not oppose interventions by the G-3 to keep the dollar within its target zone limits. Indeed, policy makers have had to adjust the central rate of the implied target zone and be flexible about the precise location of the target zone boundary. Intervention under the Louvre accord seems to be more successful when accompanied by macroeconomic policy changes, and less successful when domestic monetary is preserved through sterilized intervention. Sterilized intervention in the foreign exchange market leaves the domestic monetary base unaffected  [27]  (Krugman, P and Maurice, O, 2000). The Louvre accord began a process towards greater and, it was hoped, better policy co-ordination. Progress in the coordination process is essential to fundamentally affect the stability of exchange rates in the longer run. 8. The Spirit of the European Monetary System (1979) Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods, European Union (EU) nations looked for a system that could stabilise currencies and reduce exchange-rate risk. In 1979, the created the European Monetary System (EMS) to stabilize exchange rates subject to the following guidelines:- Rules of the Game V The Spirit of the European Monetary System (1979) Applicable to All Member Countries. Fix a par value for each exchange rate in terms of the European Currency unit, a basket weighted according to country size. Keep exchange rate stable in the short run by limiting movements in the bilateral rates to 2.25% on either side of the central rate. When exchange rate threatens to breach a bilateral limit, the strong currency Central Bank must lend freely to the weak currency Central Bank to support the exchange rate. Adjust the par value in the intermediate term only if necessary to realign price levels, and only with the collective agreement of other EMS countries. Work toward a convergence of national macroeconomic policies that would lead to stable long run par value for exchange rates. Maintain free currency convertibility for current account transactions Hold foreign exchange reserve primarily in ECUs with he European Fund for Monetary Co-operation (EFMC), and reduce U.S. dollar reserves. Repay Central Bank debts quickly from exchange reserves or by borrowing from the EFMC within strict long-term credit limits. No single countrys money serves as a reserve currency nor does its natural monetary policy serve (asymmetrically) as the nominal price anchor for the group. The EMS was successful, currency realignments were infrequent and inflation was controlled. Problems arose in 1992 and the EMS was revised in 1993 to allow currencies fluctuate in a wider band from the mid-point of the target zone. The system ceased to exist in 1999 when the EU adopted a single currency. 8(a) The European Monetary System as a Greater DM Area (1979-1998) As earlier proposed, the EMS appears to enshrine the symmetry of the EU member nations in a co-operative process. In practice, the DM was the centrepiece of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), and German monetary policy formed anchor for the EMS price level. As a consequence, the operation of the EMS was subject to more strains than might have been foreseen, as the strongest country with the least inflation called the Policy Tune, rather than some equally weighted average of all the policy presumptions of the member countries. Most of the strains in the EMS over the period arose from the desire by some European leaders to achieve still closer economic and social union. In 1989, a European Council headed by European Commission President Jacque Delors, presented a plan to establish a European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Under the EMU proposal, a single European Central Bank was to set up the monetary policy for a single European money thereby abolishing national monies and an independent role for national central banks. The Delors Plan  [28]  recommended a three-stage plan process to phase in the EMU as follows:- Stage 1- Bring all 12 members EC countries into the ERM while bringing tighter convergence of monetary policies to secure the ERM; Stage 2- Narrow the permissible bands of the ERM and permit a new European Central Bank to exercise more control of national monetary policies. Stage 3- Replace national monies with a common currency, placing responsibility for the European Central Banks that reflect the interests of all EC countries. The EMS Crisis of 1992 1993 The Delors Plan called for a transfer of national sovereign power over monetary policy and national monies to a new EC institutions. In December, 1991, the EC drafted the Maastricht Treaty a 250 page document that laid out the procedure for transferring policy making authority and the approval by all the twelve EC countries was required either by national referendum or parliamentary vote. For reason that substantial parts of the treaty were contentious, most of the sponsoring countries became sceptical and the document could not be approved by member nations contrary to expectation, As a result, currency tension persisted throughout 1993. In the summer of 1993, speculative attacks continued on the French franc and other currencies. This caused Central Banks to intervene heavily but the French resisted devaluation  [29]  . (Richard Cooper, 1984). The Path to European Monetary Union Notwithstanding the shocks suffered by the Delors Plan, voting on the Maastricht treaty continued and by November, 1992, it was adopted and the European Union (EU) was born. However, many countries had negotiated the right to opt out of certain key provisions, including the EUs common monetary and defence institutions. According to the Delors Plan, countries had to meet various economic targets before joining the EMU  [30]  . These criteria were very stringent to fulfil that as at February 1997, only Luxembourg satisfied them. Despite the difficulty in meeting the criteria, undaunted EU policymakers proceeded by designing and unveiling new physical coins and notes. Private firms and banks were compelled to follow suit, redesigning their accounting systems and functional software to accommodate the new euro. 8(b) The Spirit of the European Economic Monetary Union 1999 In May 1998, the European Council met to make two critical decisions:- To determine which countries would participate in the launch of the EMU set for January 1, 1999; and Who would be elected as the President of the European Central Bank. Many observers had expected a narrow EMU with only six countries going in at the start because requirements on fiscal budget deficits and national debt level. Surprisingly, the European Council elected eleven countries virtually all EU except countries, those that desired to opt out of the pioneer team such as Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Greece actually wanted to join but clearly had not met the convergence requirements  [31]  . On 1st January, 1999, the final and irrevocable conversion rates of the eleven legacy currencies versus the euro were announced. The transition went hitch-free in terms of transaction execution in the foreign exchange market and the operation of the EMU payment and settlement system. Financial markets in the EMU countries redenominated all traded financial securities and instruments from their national currencies into euros. A new market for bonds denominated in euros is thriving. The trend toward trans-national mergers and acquisition across firm within the euro started growing. The last step on the path to monetary union is the introduction of physical euro notes and coins and the withdrawal of legacy currency notes and coins. This process was scheduled to begin January 1, 2002 and to be accomplished not later than July 1, 2002. Empirical Evidences of Recent Currency Crises Despite nations best efforts to head off financial crises within the international monetary system, the world has witnessed several unpleasant crises some of which are summarised below:- Developing Nations Debt Crisis By the early 1980s, developing countries (especially in Latin America) had amassed huge debts payable to large international commercial banks, the IMF, and the World Bank. To prevent a meltdown of the entire financial system, international agencies revised repayment schedules. In 1989, the Brady Plan called for large-scale reduction of poor nations debt, exchange of high-interest loans, and debt instruments tradable on world financial markets. Mexicos Peso Crisis Rebellion and political assassination shook investors, faith in Mexicos financial system in 1993 and 1994. Mexicos government responded slowly to the flight of portfolio investment capital. In the late 199